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Over 50 countries go to polls in 2024, a test even for the most robust democracies

More than 50 countries that are home to half the planet’s population are due to hold national elections in 2024, but the number of citizens exercising the right to vote is not unalloyed good news. The year looks set to test even the most robust democracies and to strengthen the hands of leaders with authoritarian leanings.

Quick Read

  • Over 50 countries, representing half the world’s population, will have national elections in 2024, posing challenges to democracies and potentially strengthening authoritarian leaders.
  • Significant elections in Russia, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, India, El Salvador, and South Africa will impact human rights, economies, international relations, and peace prospects.
  • Concerns exist about unfair elections, restrictions on opposition, voter fatigue, and potential manipulation and disinformation.
  • A possible Biden-Trump rematch in the U.S. is seen as a significant global wildcard.
  • Taiwan’s election is under scrutiny from China, with defense and domestic issues like housing and healthcare being key.
  • Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina won a fourth term amid low turnout and opposition boycott, risking political instability.
  • India’s election may bring Prime Minister Narendra Modi a third term, with debates over his impact on press freedom, free speech, and minority rights.
  • El Salvador’s President Nayib Bukele may run again despite constitutional concerns, following an aggressive crackdown on gangs.
  • Mexico might elect its first female president, with leading candidates Claudia Sheinbaum and Xóchitl Gálvez.
  • Indonesia’s election presents a close race between Prabowo Subianto and Ganjar Pranowo, amid concerns of continuing corruption.
  • Pakistan’s election, contested by well-known politicians, could lead to a shaky government.
  • European Union elections in June will test traditional parties against populist rivals, with focus on military support for Ukraine.
  • The U.K. faces a general election with the Labour Party leading in polls against the Conservatives.
  • In Africa, elections in Senegal and South Africa are crucial amidst challenges like climate change and economic struggles.
  • South Sudan aims for its first elections, which could be fraught with challenges.
  • Russia’s presidential election is expected to be a formality for Vladimir Putin, with real opposition absent.
  • Belarus is set to have its first parliamentary election since protests against President Alexander Lukashenko’s 2020 reelection.
  • Despite challenges, the democratic ideal remains appealing globally, even to authoritarian regimes.

The Associated Press has the story:

Over 50 countries go to polls in 2024, a test even for the most robust democracies

Newslooks- LONDON (AP) —

More than 50 countries that are home to half the planet’s population are due to hold national elections in 2024, but the number of citizens exercising the right to vote is not unalloyed good news. The year looks set to test even the most robust democracies and to strengthen the hands of leaders with authoritarian leanings.

From Russia, Taiwan and the United Kingdom to India, El Salvador and South Africa, the presidential and legislative contests have huge implications for human rights, economies, international relations and prospects for peace in a volatile world.

FILE – In this combination of photos, President Joe Biden speaks on Aug. 10, 2023, in Salt Lake City, left, and former President Donald Trump speaks on July 8, 2023, in Las Vegas. More than 50 countries that together house half the world’s population have national elections expected in 2024. The year looks set to test even the most robust democracies and to strengthen the hands of leaders with authoritarian leanings. From Taiwan and Russia to India and South Africa, the bumper crop of contests has huge implications globally. (AP Photo, File)

In some countries, the balloting will be neither free nor fair. And in many, curbs on opposition candidates, weary electorates and the potential for manipulation and disinformation have made the fate of democracy a front-and-center campaign issue.

FILE – President Joe Biden speaks at a campaign event at Montgomery County Community College in Blue Bell, Pa., Friday, Jan. 5, 2024. Voters in more than 50 countries that are home to half the world’s population are eligible to vote in elections in 2024. (AP Photo/Stephanie Scarbrough, File)

A possible rematch between President Joe Biden and his predecessor Donald Trump looms large in the election calendar; a Trump victory in November is perhaps the greatest global wildcard. Yet high-stakes votes before then also will gauge the “mood of dissatisfaction, impatience, uneasiness” among far-flung electorates, said Bronwen Maddox, director of the London-based think-tank Chatham House.

FILE – Republican presidential candidate former President Donald Trump speaks during a commit to caucus rally, Saturday, Jan. 6, 2024, in Clinton, Iowa. The likely rematch between President Joe Biden and his predecessor Donald Trump has huge implications for the United States and the world. (AP Photo/Charlie Neibergall, File)

VOTES WITH GLOBAL IMPACT

Taiwan’s elections for president and the 113-member legislature take place Saturday under intense pressure from China, which makes the outcome important to much of the Asia-Pacific region, as well as to the U.S.

FILE – Taiwan Vice President and Democratic Progressive Party presidential candidate William Lai, center, delivers a speech during an election campaign in New Taipei City, Taiwan, Saturday, Jan. 6, 2024. Taiwan will hold its presidential election on Jan. 13, 2024. (AP Photo/Chiang Ying-ying, File)

Beijing has renewed its threat to use military force to annex the self-governing island it regards as its own territory, and described the elections as a choice between war and peace. None of the three leading presidential candidates has indicated a desire to try China’s resolve by declaring Taiwan’s independence.

FILE – People pass by a poster of candidates running for the Taiwanese presidential election in Taipei, Taiwan, Saturday, Dec. 30, 2023. Taiwan will hold its presidential election on Jan. 13, 2024. (AP Photo/Chiang Ying-ying, File)

That said, front-runner William Lai, who is currently Taiwan’s vice president, has promised to strengthen the island’s defense, and a victory by him could heighten cross-strait tensions. The opposition Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang, is more amenable to Beijing than Lai’s Democratic People’s Party.

FILE – A man rides past a bus with a poster of Taiwan People’s Party (TPP) presidential candidate Ko Wen-je running for the Taiwanese presidential election in Xiangshan District, southwest Hsinchu City, Taiwan, Thursday, Jan. 4, 2024. Taiwan will hold its presidential election on Jan. 13, 2024. (AP Photo/Chiang Ying-ying, File)

Taiwan’s 23 million people overwhelmingly favor maintaining the island’s de facto independence through self-rule. Domestic issues such as housing and health care therefore are likely to play a deciding role in the presidential race.

LEADERS LOOK TO TIGHTEN THEIR GRIPS

Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the world’s longest-serving female leader, won a fourth successive term Monday in an election that opposition parties boycotted and preceded by violence. Hasina’s Awami League party was reelected on a low turnout of 40%, and the stifling of dissent risks triggering political turmoil.

FILE – Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi greets supporters as he arrives for an election campaign rally of his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in Hyderabad, India, Monday, Nov. 27, 2023. Voters in neighboring India, the world’s most populous country, will head to the polls in mid-2024 for a general election that is likely to bring Prime Minister Narendra Modi of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party a third consecutive term. (AP Photo/Mahesh Kumar A., File)

India, the world’s most populous country, is due to hold a general election by mid-2024 that is likely to bring Prime Minister Narendra Modi of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party a third consecutive term.

To his supporters, Modi is a political outsider who has cleaned up after decades of corruption and made India an emerging global power. Critics say assaults on the press and free speech, as well as attacks on religious minorities by Hindu nationalists, have grown brazen on his watch.

FILE – People queue outside a polling station in Khayelitsha in Cape Town, South Africa, Monday, Nov. 1, 2021. In South Africa, a tarnished democratic beacon, the long-dominant African National Congress faces mounting social problems and voter disillusionment in an election due between May and August. (AP Photo/Nardus Engelbrecht, File)

Another leader seeking to retain power is El Salvador President Nayib Bukele, who has won widespread support since using emergency powers for an aggressive crackdown on ultra-violent street gangs.

A Supreme Court filled by his party’s appointees cleared Bukele to run on Feb. 4 despite a constitutional ban on presidents serving two consecutive terms. While foreign governments have criticized the suspension of some civil rights, Bukele is not expected to face serious competition.

MILESTONES — AND MORE OF THE SAME

Mexico is poised to elect its first female president on June 2 — either former Mexico City Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum, a protégé of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, or a former opposition senator, Xóchitl Gálvez. The winner will govern a country with daunting drug-related violence and an increasingly influential military.

FILE – Senator Xóchitl Gálvez, opposition candidate for the presidential elections, speaks during a political event at the Angel of Independence monument, in Mexico City, Sunday, Sept. 3, 2023. Mexico looks set to elect its first female president on June 2 — either Claudia Sheinbaum, a protégé of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, or tech entrepreneur and lawmaker Xóchitl Gálvez. (AP Photo/Marco Ugarte, File)

Voters in Indonesia, Southeast Asia’s largest democracy, are choosing a successor to President Joko Widodo on Feb. 14. Opinion polls indicate a close race between Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto, a right-wing nationalist, and former Central Java Gov. Ganjar Pranowo, the governing party’s candidate.

FILE – Former Mayor Claudia Sheinbaum acknowledges supporters during a closing campaign rally for her presidential candidate bid to represent the ruling MORENA party, in Mexico City, Saturday, Aug. 26, 2023. Mexico looks set to elect its first female president on June 2 — either Claudia Sheinbaum, a protégé of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, or tech entrepreneur and lawmaker Xóchitl Gálvez. (AP Photo/Ginnette Riquelme, File)

Subianto’s running mate is outgoing leader Widodo’s son, prompting speculation of a dynasty in the making. Either winner, though, would mark a continuation of the corruption-tainted politics that have dominated Indonesia since the end of the Suharto dictatorship in 1998.

FILE – Workers fold parliamentary ballots prepared for the upcoming election at a warehouse in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, Monday, Jan. 8, 2024. The world’s third-largest democracy is gearing up to hold its legislative and presidential elections on Feb. 14, 2024. (AP Photo/Binsar Bakkara, File)

Pakistan’s Feb. 8 parliamentary election also is being contested by well-established politicians, under the eye of the country’s powerful military. Former Prime Minister Imran Khan, a popular opposition figure, is imprisoned, and election officials blocked him from running.

FILE – Pakistan’s former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif waves to his supporters upon his arrival to address a welcoming rally, in Lahore, Pakistan, Saturday, Oct. 21, 2023. A Pakistani court Tuesday, Dec. 12, overturned the 2018 conviction of former Prime Minister Sharif in a graft case and acquitted him, clearing his path to run in the parliamentary elections set to be held in February. (AP Photo/Anjum Naveed, File)

His rival, three-time Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, the leader of the Pakistan Muslim League, was allowed on the ballot after his corruption convictions were overturned. Also running is the Pakistan Peoples Party led by former Foreign Minister Bulawal Bhutto Zardari.

Analysts say the election is likely to produce a shaky government. The vote may be postponed amid plummeting relations with Taliban-controlled neighbor Afghanistan and deadly attacks on Pakistani security forces.

HAS POPULISM PEAKED?

Populism gained ground in Europe as the continent experienced economic instability and mass migration from elsewhere. June elections for the parliament of the 27-nation European Union will be a sign of whether traditional parties can see off populist rivals, many of which are skeptical of military support for Ukraine.

FILE – Russian President Vladimir Putin gestures as he speaks to the media after the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) summit in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, Friday, Sept. 16, 2022. There’s little doubt about who will win the March presidential election in Russia, where President Vladimir Putin will face only token opposition in his bid for a fifth term. His main rivals are in prison, in exile or dead, and a politician calling for peace in Ukraine has been rejected from the ballot. (Sergei Bobylev, Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP, File)

Last year’s national elections produced mixed signals: Slovakia elected pro-Russia populist Prime Minister Robert Fico, but voters in Poland replaced a conservative government with a coalition led by centrist Donald Tusk.

Chairman of SMER-Social Democracy party Robert Fico arrives at his party’s headquarters day after an early parliamentary election in Bratislava, Slovakia, Sunday, Oct. 1, 2023. (AP Photo/Darko Bandic)

Mujtaba Rahman of political consultancy Eurasia Group predicted that the upcoming European Parliament races won’t produce a populist majority but “the center will lose ground compared to the last vote” in 2019.

FILE – Rishi Sunak meets supporters as he arrives to attend a Conservative Party leadership election hustings at the NEC, Birmingham, England, Tuesday, Aug. 23, 2022. Voters in more than 50 countries that are home to half the world’s population are eligible to vote in elections in 2024. (AP Photo/Rui Vieira, File)

In former EU member Britain, populism found expression in the 2016 Brexit referendum and the turbulent term of former Prime Minister Boris Johnson. A U.K. general election this year will pit the governing Conservatives against the center-left Labour Party, which is firmly ahead in opinion polls as it seeks to regain power after 14 years.

FILE – Britain’s opposition Labour Party leader Keir Starmer delivers his keynote speech at the Labour Party conference in Liverpool, England, Tuesday, Oct. 10, 2023. Voters in more than 50 countries that are home to half the world’s population are eligible to vote in elections in 2024. (AP Photo/Jon Super, File)

DEMOCRACY’S CHALLENGES IN AFRICA

Climate change, disrupted grain supplies from the Ukraine war, and increasing attention from China and Russia are among the forces reshaping Africa, the world’s fastest-growing continent.

Eight West African countries have had military coups since 2020, including Niger and Gabon in 2023.

FILE – A man reads a Bangladeshi newspaper that has the news of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s election victory in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Monday, Jan.8, 2024. Hasina has won an overwhelming majority in Bangladesh’s parliamentary election after a campaign fraught with violence and a boycott from the main opposition party, giving her and her Awami League a fourth consecutive term. (AP Photo/Mahmud Hossain Opu, File)

Senegal is regarded as a bastion of stability in the region. Now that President Macky Sall is stepping down, his country’s Feb. 25 election is seen as an indicator of the country’s political resilience.

Supporters of opposition leader Ousmane Sonko accuse the government of trying to stop him running with a series of legal cases that have sparked deadly protests. The presidential election could “mark a return to the norms of previous years or signal a lasting shift towards more volatile politics,” said Eurasia group analyst Tochi Eni-Kalu.

In South Africa, a legislative election due between May and August has a struggling economy, crippling power blackouts and an unemployment rate of nearly 32% as the political backdrop. Overcoming voter disillusionment will be a challenge for the long-dominant African National Congress.

FILE – South African President Cyril Ramaphosa listens during the BRICS group of emerging economies three-day summit in Johannesburg, South Africa, Tuesday, Aug. 22, 2023. Ramaphosa says his country has filed a referral to the International Criminal Court for an investigation into alleged war crimes committed by Israel in Gaza. The move comes as South African lawmakers on Thursday, Nov. 16, 2023 were expected to debate a motion calling for the closure of the Israeli Embassy in South Africa and the cutting of all diplomatic ties with the country until it agrees to a cease-fire. (AP Photo/Jerome Delay, File)

The ANC has held the presidency and a majority in parliament since the end of the country’s racist apartheid system in 1994, but the previously revered organization won less than half the vote in 2021 local elections.

If its support drops below 50%, the party will need to form a coalition to ensure that lawmakers reelect President Cyril Ramaphosa.

South Sudan, the world’s youngest country, plans to hold its long-delayed first elections in December. The balloting would represent a key milestone but could be rife with danger and vulnerable to failure under current conditions.

Nicholas Haysom, who heads the U.N. mission in the country, told the Security Council last month that voter registration details, a security plan and a way to resolve disputes are among the missing elements needed to ensure free elections that are “deemed credible and acceptable to South Sudanese citizens.”

RUBBER-STAMP EXERCISES

There’s little doubt about who will win Russia’s presidential election in March. President Vladimir Putin faces only token opposition in his bid for a fifth term. His main rivals are in prison, in exile or dead, and a politician calling for peace in Ukraine was disqualified.

Belarus’ President Alexander Lukashenko, left, and Russian President Vladimir Putin pose for a photo prior to a session of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) in Minsk, Belarus, Thursday, Nov. 23, 2023. (Konstantin Zavrazhin, Sputnik, Kremlin Pool Photo via AP)

It’s a similar story in Belarus, led by President Alexander Lukashenko. On Feb. 25, the country is expected to hold its first parliamentary election since Lukashenko’s government crushed protests against the Putin ally’s disputed 2020 reelection. Thousands of opponents are in prison or have fled the country.

Still, for all its problems, the democratic ideal retains widespread appeal, even for authoritarian leaders, Maddox said.

“The fact that they choose to hold elections shows that they see the value of claiming to have a free vote,” she said.

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